The toxin present in jowar (or sorghum) that is responsible for causing cyanide poisoning is called hydrocyanic acid, also known as cyanide. Cyanide is a potent poison that can be harmful to both humans and animals.
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Sorghum contains cyanide in the form of cyanogenic glycosides. These are naturally occurring compounds that are found in various parts of the plant, including the leaves, stems, and grains. When these parts of the plant are damaged or exposed to stress, such as during drought or frost, the cyanogenic glycosides are released and enzymatically converted into cyanide. However, it’s important to note that not all sorghum varieties contain the same levels of cyanogenic glycosides, and some may have lower levels or even be completely free of cyanide.
Cyanide poisoning usually occurs when animals consume large amounts of sorghum that is high in cyanogenic glycosides. The cyanide interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen, leading to symptoms such as rapid breathing, muscle tremors, convulsions, and even death. It primarily affects ruminant animals like cattle, sheep, and goats, but other animals, including horses and pigs, can also be affected.
To prevent cyanide poisoning in livestock, it is important to properly manage the feeding of sorghum. This can be done through certain practices such as avoiding the feeding of sorghum to animals during stressful conditions like drought or frost, as these conditions can increase the cyanide content. Additionally, sorghum can be processed through techniques like ensiling, fermentation, or steam-rolling, which can reduce the cyanide levels and make it safer for consumption.
It is essential for livestock owners and farmers to be aware of the potential risks associated with feeding sorghum and to take necessary precautions to prevent cyanide poisoning. Regular monitoring of cyanide levels in the feed, proper handling, and management practices can help ensure the safety of the animals consuming sorghum as a feedstuff.